Image processing

ABSTRACT

A method including receiving input data representing an input frame of a video. Transformation data representing at least one transformation for applying to an image to adjust a geometric distortion of the image is received. A first and second plurality of input tiles, each including a respective portion of the input frame, is processed with at least part of the transformation data, thereby generating first and second sub-window data representing a first and second sub-window of an output frame of the video, respectively.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for processingimage data, for example data representing an input frame of a video.

BACKGROUND

Certain lenses can be used to capture images or videos with a wide fieldor angle of view. For example, a fisheye lens is a wide-angle lens thatcan be used to capture wide panoramic or hemispherical images. Suchlenses typically produce a distorted image, with certain parts of theimage stretched or compressed compared with other parts. This generallyleads to straight image features, such as straight lines, appearingcurved rather than straight.

It is known to correct the distortion in an image captured by a fisheyelens to remove or reduce curvature of straight image features.

It is desirable to provide methods and systems for processing imagedata, for example to adjust a geometric distortion of an imagerepresented by the image data, that are more flexible than known methodsand systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features will become apparent from the following description,given by way of example only, which is made with reference to theaccompanying drawings.

FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate an example of a panoramic transformation;

FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate an example of a cylindricaltransformation;

FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate an example of a stereographictransformation;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of internal componentsof a data processing system;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of example electronic displays;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example of internal componentsof a transformation engine;

FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate an example of a mapping between input tilesof an input frame and output tiles of an output frame;

FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate schematically a mapping between input tilesof the input frame and output tiles of the output frame of FIGS. 7a and7b ; and

FIG. 9 illustrates schematically the calculation of a pixel value for alocation in an output frame.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Details of the method and systems according to examples will becomeapparent from the following description, with reference to the figures.In this description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous specificdetails of certain examples are set forth. Reference in thespecification to “an example” or similar language means that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectionwith the example is included in at least that one example, but notnecessarily in other examples. It should further be noted that certainexamples are described schematically with certain features omittedand/or necessarily simplified for ease of explanation and understandingof the concepts underlying the examples.

Examples described herein provide a method including receiving inputdata representing an input frame of a video. Transformation datarepresenting at least one transformation for applying to an image toadjust a geometric distortion of the image is received. A firstplurality of input tiles, each including a respective portion of theinput frame, is processed with at least part of the transformation data,thereby generating first sub-window data representing a first sub-windowof an output frame of the video. A second plurality of input tiles, eachincluding a respective portion of the input frame, is processed with atleast part of the transformation data, thereby generating secondsub-window data representing a second sub-window of the output frame ofthe video. The first and second sub-windows therefore each include arespective transformed portion of the input frame in examples. Thetransformation for example allows a geometric distortion to becorrected. Thus, the input frame can be captured using a video camerawith a wide field of view, which may suffer from geometric distortion.Despite this, and due to the application of the method, the first andsecond sub-windows may be corrected for this distortion, allowing theoutput frame to display a wide angle view without suffering from visibleartefacts.

The first plurality of input tiles and the second plurality of inputtiles may be the same as each other or different from each other.Similarly, the transformation applied to the first plurality of inputtiles may be different from or the same as the transformation applied tothe second plurality of input tiles. Accordingly, the method in examplesdescribed herein is flexible and allows various different combinationsof image portions to be transformed in various different ways anddisplayed in first and second sub-windows, based on the generated firstand second sub-window data. This for example allows a wide angle sceneto be captured using one video camera and different parts of the sceneto be displayed in the first and second sub-windows, respectively, withreduced geometric distortion than in the input frame. For example, thefirst and second sub-windows can be displayed side-by-side, so that aviewer can observe different physical locations at the same time. Thiscan have applications in security, for example, where it may bedesirable to capture security footage over a wide angle scene and toobserve movement of individuals throughout the scene. Examples ofpossible types of transformations that may be applied are describedfurther below, to put the method into context.

FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c illustrate an example of a panoramic transformation.The panoramic transformation is shown schematically in FIG. 1a . FIG. 1aillustrates an image capture device 100 a, such as a camera or a videocamera. In FIG. 1a , the image capture device 100 a is a dome camera,which can be mounted for example on a ceiling of a room. The imagecapture device 100 a has a fisheye lens that can capture an image over afield of view 102 a that covers a large angle. In this case, the image104 a actually captured by the image capture device 100 a corresponds toa central portion of the field of view 102 a rather than the entirety ofthe field of view 102 a, although in other examples the image capturedby the image capture device may correspond with the entire or wholefield of view. The captured image 104 a in this example is transformed106 a using a panoramic transformation so that the transformed image 108a appears rectilinear in the vertical and horizontal directions. Withthis transformation, a wide view angle image can be displayed withreduced artefacts.

An example of the application of a panoramic transformation applied toan image is shown in FIGS. 1b and 1c . FIG. 1b shows the image 104 a ascaptured using a fisheye lens. As can be seen from FIG. 1b , the leftand right edges of the image appear curved with respect to the centre ofthe image. FIG. 1c shows the same image after transformation using apanoramic transformation. In FIG. 1c , the left and right edges of theimage no longer appear curved.

FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate an example of a different type oftransformation: a cylindrical transformation. Features of FIGS. 2a, 2band 2c that are similar to corresponding features of FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1care labelled with the same reference numeral but with a suffix of “b”rather than “a”; corresponding descriptions are to be taken to apply.

In FIG. 2a , an image capture device 100 b can also capture an imageover a wide field of view 102 b. In FIG. 2a , the captured image 104 bcorresponds with the entire field of view 102 b, which in this exampleis 180 degrees, rather than a subset of the field of view 102 c as inFIG. 1 a.

However, in this case, a cylindrical transformation is applied. Acylindrical transformation typically allows a spherical image to bemapped to a cylindrical plane (labelled with the reference numeral 110in FIG. 2a ) and then flattened to a two dimensional plane. This allowsa full view angle image to be provided. However, there may be someartefacts towards the outer edges of the transformed image 108 b. Thiscan be seen by comparing FIGS. 2b and 2c . In particular, the tree 112on the right edge of FIG. 2b appears to curve around the centre of thecaptured image 104 b of FIG. 2b . After transformation, the same tree114 in FIG. 2c no longer appears to curve around the centre of thetransformed image 108 b. However, the rightmost branches of the tree 114appear to be extended compared with those on the left side of the tree.This is an artefact of the cylindrical transformation, which provides amore accurate transformation, with fewer visible artefacts, in a centralregion than an outer image region.

FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c illustrate an example of a further different type oftransformation: a stereographic transformation. Features of FIGS. 3a, 3band 3c that are similar to corresponding features of FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1care labelled with the same reference numeral but with a suffix of “c”rather than “a”; corresponding descriptions are to be taken to apply.

In FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c , the image capture device 100 c is a dome camerawith a fisheye lens. As in FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c , the image capturedevice 100 c can for example be mounted on a ceiling of a room to obtainan image of the room taken from above. The image capture device 100 ccaptures an image 104 c over a field of view 102 of 180 degrees. In thisexample, the captured image 104 c is divided in two along a dividingline 116. Each half of the image is transformed using a stereographicprojection to a flat plane to generate two transformed images 108 c′,108 c″ (as shown in FIG. 3c ), with the upper transformed image 108 c′corresponding to the upper half of the captured image 104 c shown inFIG. 3b and the lower transformed image 108 b″ corresponding to thelower half of the captured image 104 c of FIG. 3b . In this way, thestereographic transformation illustrated in FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3c cancreate a panoramic view of the scene obtained by the image capturedevice 100 c by producing two separate images. This therefore allows asingle camera to be used to capture the scene, instead of a pair ofopposed cameras.

An example of internal components of a system 118 in whichtransformations such as those described with respect to FIGS. 1 to 3 maybe applied is shown schematically in FIG. 4. The system 118 of FIG. 4includes a data processing system 120. The data processing system 120includes an image capture device interface 122 to retrieve data from animage capture device 124. The image capture device interface 122 mayinclude software and/or hardware components. Although the dataprocessing system 120 of FIG. 4 is shown as separate from but coupled toan image capture device 124, in other examples the data processingsystem 120 and the image capture device 124 may be integrated in onedevice.

The data processing system 120 may receive input data from one imagecapture device 124. This may simplify the processing performed by thedata processing system 120 by obviating the need to stitch together orcombine multiple different images or frames obtained from multipledifferent image capture devices. In further examples, the dataprocessing system 120 may receive data from a plurality of image capturedevices. In such cases, the received data may be processed to generateinput data representing an input frame, with the input framerepresenting an image obtained by stitching together a plurality ofimages captured using the plurality of image capture devices to create acontinuous image, for example.

The image capture device 124 may be any suitable device for capturingimages, such as a camera or a video camera. The image may be a stillimage, such as a frame of a video, or a moving image, such as a video.The image capture device 124 may be arranged to capture images over awide field of view or angle, for example by including a wide-angle lens.For a 35 millimetre (mm) film format, wide-angle fisheye lenses may havea typical focal length of between 8 mm and 10 mm for circular images orbetween 15 mm and 16 mm for full-frame images, to give an angle of viewof between 100 degrees and 180 degrees or even larger than 180 degrees,for example.

The data processing system 120 includes at least one storage 126. The atleast one storage 126 of the data processing system 120 in the exampleof FIG. 4 stores the data received at the image capture device interface122 and typically stores other data in addition. For example, the atleast one storage 126 may store input data representing an input frameof a video (received at the image capture device interface 122),transformation data representing at least one transformation forapplying to an image to adjust a geometric distortion of the image,first sub-window data representing a first sub-window of an output frameof the video and second sub-window data representing a second sub-windowof the output frame of the video.

The at least one storage 126 may include at least one of volatilememory, such as a Random Access Memory (RAM), for example Static RAM(SRAM) or Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and non-volatile memory, such as Read OnlyMemory (ROM) or a solid state drive (SSD) such as Flash memory. The atleast one storage 126 in examples may include further storage devices,for example magnetic, optical or tape media, compact disc (CD), digitalversatile disc (DVD) or other data storage media. The at least onestorage 126 may be removable or non-removable from the data processingsystem 120 or the image capture device 124 (where the data processingsystem 120 is integrated in the image capture device 124). Furtherdetails of the at least one storage 126 and the input data,transformation data, first sub-window data and second sub-window dataare described further below with reference to FIG. 6.

At least one processor 128 is communicatively coupled to the at leastone storage 126. The at least one processor 128 in the example of FIG. 4may include a microprocessor, a general purpose processor, a digitalsignal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmablelogic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any suitable combination thereof designed to perform thefunctions described herein. The processor may be or include a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU). A processor may also be implemented as acombination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and amicroprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or moremicroprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other suchconfiguration.

The at least one storage 126 in the example of FIG. 4 may includecomputer program instructions configured to, when processed by the atleast one processor 128, implement any of the methods described herein.The computer program instructions may be in any suitable format orlanguage, for example in machine code, an assembly language or aregister transfer language (RTL). For example, the at least one storage126 may include instructions configured to, when processed by the atleast one processor 128, implement a transformation engine 130 operableto receive the transformation data, process a first plurality of inputtiles, each including a respective portion of the input frame, with atleast part of the transformation data, thereby generating the firstsub-window data and process a second plurality of input tiles, eachincluding a respective portion of the input frame, with at least part ofthe transformation data, thereby generating the second sub-window data.The instructions may for example be included in a configuration bitstream for configuring the data processing system 20 to implement themethods described herein.

The computer program instructions may be stored in an accessiblenon-transitory computer-readable medium and loaded into memory, forexample the at least one storage 126, to implement the transformationengine 130. In other examples, the transformation engine 130 may beimplemented purely in hardware or in a combination of hardware andsoftware.

The components of the data processing system 120 in the example of FIG.4 are interconnected using a systems bus 132. This allows data to betransferred between the various components. For example, the firstsub-window data and the second sub-window data generated by thetransformation engine 130 can be stored in the at least one storage 126and subsequently transmitted via the systems bus 132 from the at leastone storage 126 to a display device interface 134 for transfer to adisplay device 136 for display. A suitable systems bus 132 is discussedfurther below with reference to FIG. 6.

The display device interface 134 may include a display port and/or aninternal electronics interface, e.g. where the data processing system120 and the display device 136 are part of the image capture device 124such as a display screen of a security or monitoring system. Therefore,when instructed by the at least one processor 128 via the display deviceinterface 134, the display device 136 may display the output frame. Theoutput frame for example includes a first sub-window for displaying animage based on the first sub-window data and a second sub-window fordisplay an image based on the second sub-window data.

Example display devices 138 a to 138 h, sometimes referred to aselectronic displays or display screens, are shown schematically in FIG.5. The display devices 138 a to 138 h of FIG. 5 may be any displaydevice for displaying an image, such as an electronic display of orcoupled to a computing device or computing system. The display devicesmay be part of or coupled to a hand-held or portable device or to asystem intended for use at a single or fixed location such as a desktopcomputer.

Each of the display devices 138 a to 138 h of FIG. 5 illustrate adifferent example of sub-windows that may be displayed on a respectivedisplay device. A sub-window is for example a portion or region of anoutput frame to be sent to a display device or display screen fordisplaying a piece of content, for example from a particular orpredetermined source or origin, which may be different from content inother sub-windows of the output frame. For example, the first sub-windowmay correspond to a first area of an output frame and the secondsub-window may correspond to a second area of the output frame. Thefirst area may be non-overlapping with the second area, such that thefirst and second sub-windows are separate and distinct.

A sub-window typically corresponds to a fixed or time-invariant locationof the output frames which are sent to a display screen. In other words,while the content of a particular sub-window may vary over time, theposition of that sub-window may not change over time. However, in otherexamples, positions of sub-windows may alter over time. For example, auser may be able to choose to show or hide various sub-windows. Byaltering the number of sub-windows, the corresponding size of thedisplayed sub-windows may be adjusted to maximize the size of thecontent displayed. For example, if a user selects to display twosub-windows rather than three sub-windows, the size of the two displayedsub-windows may be increased to fill up the output frames sent to thedisplay screen. It may also or alternatively be possible for a user toadjust the size of each or some individual sub-windows, for example byresizing the sub-windows using a mouse or by interacting directly withthe display (if the display device is a touch-screen electronic displayfor example).

A first example display device 138 a illustrated in FIG. 5 has onewindow 140. In this display device 138 a, for example, a plurality ofinput tiles each including a respective portion of an input frame may beprocessed with transformation data to adjust a geometric distortion ofthe input tiles to generate an output frame. The output frame isdisplayed in the window 140. The transformation data may represent atleast one transformation for adjusting a geometric distortion of animage and may be any such transformation. The first example displaydevice 138 a of FIG. 5 allows any transformation for adjusting ageometric distortion of an image, for example to correct a geometricdistortion, to be applied to an input frame.

Further flexibility is provided with the second to eighth displaydevices 138 b to 138 b illustrated in FIG. 5.

The second example display device 138 b of FIG. 5 has a first sub-window142 a and a second sub-window 144 a. A first and a second plurality ofinput tiles, each input tile including a respective portion of an inputframe, are processed with at least part of transformation data, togenerate first and second sub-window data representing, respectively, afirst and second sub-window of an output frame of the video. In otherwords, the first sub-window 142 a displays an image based on the firstsub-window data and the second sub-window 144 a displays an image basedon the second sub-window data. The output frame is formed of the firstsub-window 142 a, the second sub-window 144 a. In other examples, theoutput frame may also include a border region that separates the firstsub-window 142 a and the second sub-window 144 a. The border region mayalso surround one or both of the first and second sub-windows 142 a, 144a, for example to separate one or both of the first and secondsub-windows 142 a, 144 a from an edge of the second display device 138b.

The first plurality of input tiles processed to generate the firstsub-window data may be the same as or different from the secondplurality of input tiles that are processed to generate the secondsub-window data. For example, the respective portions of the input framecorresponding to the first plurality of input tiles may togethercorrespond to a first portion of the input frame and the respectiveportions of the input frame corresponding to the second plurality ofinput tiles may together correspond to a second portion of the inputframe. In such cases, the first and/or second portions may eachrespectively be one continuous portion or region of the first frame,such as a block, section or segment.

The first portion may include the second portion. Where the firstportion includes the second portion, at least part of the same image maybe shown in both the first and second sub-windows 142 a, 144 a, with thesame or a different transformation applied in each of the first andsecond sub-windows 142 a, 144 a. For example, the second portion may beat a different scale from the first portion. Thus, the second portionmay be a zoomed in part of the first portion, or vice versa. In theseexamples, a first scale of the first sub-window may therefore may bedifferent from a second scale of the second sub-window. For example, adifferent transformation can be applied in the first sub-window 142 acompared with the second sub-window 144 a to account for the differentscale of these sub-windows with respect to each other. Thesetransformations may be selected appropriately to reduce the geometricdistortion visible in each sub-window, for example so that eachsub-window does not appear distorted.

In other examples, though, the first and second portions may be at thesame scale as each other. For example, the first and second portions maybe the same as each other, and each may include the entirety of theinput frame. In such cases, a different transformation may be applied toeach sub-window, with each transformation being more effective atreducing distortion in a different part of an image. For example, asshown in FIGS. 1 to 3, a cylindrical transformation may be applied toaccurately reduce distortion in a central image region, whereas apanoramic or a stereographic transformation may be more effective atreducing distortion in edge regions of an image than a cylindricaltransformation.

In other examples, the first portion may be non-overlapping with thesecond portion. FIGS. 3b and 3c show an example in which the firstportion is non-overlapping with the second portion. In FIGS. 3b and 3c ,the first portion corresponds with the lower half of the input frame andthe second portion corresponds with the upper half of the input frame.This typically allows different parts of the scene captured by the imagecapture device to be displayed at the same time, with the geometricdistortion appropriately adjusted or reduced in each of the differentsub-windows.

As noted above, the same or different transformations may be applied togenerate each of the first and second sub-windows 142 a, 144 a. Forexample, the processing of the first plurality of input tiles may be toapply a transformation of a first type to the respective portions of theinput frame corresponding to the first plurality of input tiles. In suchexamples, the processing of the second plurality of input tiles is toapply a transformation of either the first type or a second type,different from the first type, to the respective portions of the inputframe corresponding to the second plurality of input tiles. In otherwords, the same transformation or a different transformation may beapplied in each of the sub-windows 142, 144 a. This provides furtherflexibility to the user of the data processing system. The at least onetransformation may be any transformation for applying to an image toadjust, for example to correct or improve, a geometric distortion of theimage and may be at least one of: a panoramic transformation, acylindrical transformation, or a stereographic transformation.

In examples, the transformations applied in each of the sub-windows maybe predetermined and may depend on the image capture device, for exampleon the field of view of the lens of the image capture device. Forexample, the distortion of an input frame captured with the imagecapture device may be determined and the transformations may be selectedto reduce this distortion to a predetermined level. The transformationsmay also depend on the intended use of the output frame and a desiredview for the user of the system. For example, the image capture devicemay be set up or positioned to capture a particular scene and it may bedesired that the output frames display certain regions of the scene, orthe scene at one or more scales.

In other examples, the user may be able to select the transformations toapply in each sub-window in real time, for example while using thesystem. For example, the user may be able to select between differenttransformations to apply in the different sub-windows, allowing the userto choose which view they prefer.

In the second example display device 138 b of FIG. 5, the display device138 b is divided horizontally into the first and second sub-windows 142a, 144 a. The third example display device 138 c is similar to thesecond example display device 138 b except that the first and secondsub-windows 142 b, 144 b are side-by-side rather than one on top of theother. In other words, the third example display device 138 c is dividedvertically into the first and second sub-windows 142 b, 144 b.

The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh example display devices 138 d, 138e, 138 f, 138 g illustrate further examples in which there are first,second and third sub-windows. The first, second and third sub-windowsare labelled with the reference numerals 142, 144 and 146 respectively,with the suffixes c, d, e and f indicating that the sub-window belongsto the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh example display devices 138 d,138 e, 138 f, 138 g, respectively. The eighth example display device 138h illustrates a further example in which there is a first, second, thirdand fourth sub-window 142 g, 144 g, 146 g, 1468 g. As illustrated inFIG. 5, the position and number of sub-windows is not limited; there maybe any number of sub-windows in any position on the display device.Furthermore, the transformations applied in any of the sub-windows maybe the same as or different from any of the other sub-windows.

An example of internal components of a transformation engine, such asthe transformation engine 130 of FIG. 4, for applying the at least onetransformation represented by the transformation data will now bedescribed with reference to FIG. 6. The transformation engine of FIG. 6can be used to transform a first and second plurality of input tiles ofan input frame, for display in a first and second sub-windowrespectively. For example, the first plurality of input tiles may firstbe processed by the transformation engine as described with reference toFIG. 6 and subsequently the second plurality of input tiles may beprocessed by the transformation engine similarly. In other examples,though, the transformation engine of FIG. 6 may be used for transforminginput tiles of an input frame for display in a single window of anoutput frame.

In the example of FIG. 6, the transformation engine 130 is integratedinto a video pipeline, for receiving input data representing frames ofthe video. As described above, the video may be captured by one imagecapture device such as one video camera.

The transformation engine 130 in the example of FIG. 6 is part of asystem-on-a-chip. For example, the system-on-a-chip may include the dataprocessing system of FIG. 4, or components of the data processing systemof FIG. 4. The transformation engine 130 may be interfaced with thevideo pipeline or with other hardware or software using an interface 150or bus, which may be or include any suitable interface or bus. Forexample, an ARM® Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA®)interface, such as the Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), may be used.

The transformation engine 130 in this example receives configurationdata from a configuration data storage 152 and input data representingan input frame of a video from an input data storage 154. Theconfiguration data storage 152 and the input data storage 154 areindicated as separate parts, for example separate caches, buffers ormemories, of the at least one storage 126 in the example of FIG. 6. Forexample, the input data storage 154 may be a memory that is external tothe transformation engine 130 and the configuration data storage 152 maybe stored in a memory that is integral with the transformation engine130. In other examples, the configuration data storage 152 and the inputdata storage 154 may be integrated in one storage.

Where the transformation engine 130 is integrated into the videopipeline via AXI, one or more AXI read masters may be used to read datafor use by the transformation engine 130. In this example, thetransformation engine 130 includes two AXI read masters (not shown). Oneof the AXI read masters is configured to read the configuration datafrom the configuration data storage 152, which may be in the form of aconfiguration bit stream and the other AXI read master is configured toread the input data representing the input frame from the input datastorage 154. The two AXI read masters may be merged using an AXI arbiterand exported as a single AXI read master to simplify integration withthe video pipeline. An AXI write master (not shown) may be used to writethe first sub-window data and the second sub-window data into aspecified location, for example for display using the display device.

The interface 150 may also include an APB (Advanced Peripheral Bus)interface for configuration of the registers of the transformationengine 130.

As described above, the input data storage 154 stores input datarepresenting an input frame of a video. The video may be an encoded or adecoded video. For example, the video may be encoded using an encodingmethod such as H.264 or H.265 encoding and may be decoded prior tostorage in the input data storage 154. Alternatively, the transformationengine 130 may include a decoder for decoding the video.

The video may include one or more colour channels. For example, thevideo may be monochrome, with pixels of a frame of the video varyingfrom white to black via intermediate greyscale colours or intensities.Alternatively, the video may be a colour video, with multiple colourchannels. Each colour channel may be stored on a separate plane (orarray of intensity values), or multiple colour channels may share thesame plane.

The video may for example be encoded using chroma subsampling, in whicha lower resolution is used for chroma information (for examplerepresenting the colour of a frame) than for luma information (forexample representing the brightness of the frame), in view of the lowersensitivity of the human visual system for colour differences comparedto luminance differences. For example, the input data may be in the formof YUV 4:2:0 data (where Y represents the luma of the colour, Urepresents the difference between the blue component of the colour andthe luma and V represents the difference between the red component ofthe colour and the luma). As the skilled person will appreciate, the4:2:0 subsampling scheme indicates a horizontal sampling reference of 4,two chrominance samples in the first row of 4 rows (as the horizontalsampling reference is 4), and zero changes in chrominance samplesbetween the first and second row of 4 pixels.

Where the data is YUV 4:2:0 data, a planar format sometimes referred toas YV12 may be used. In this format, the input data representing theinput frame is separated into 3 planes, with Y, U and V planes eachstored in a separate location (for example at a separate address) inmemory. Another suitable format for YUV 4:2:0 data is the semi-planarNV12 format, in which the input data is separated into 2 planes. A firstplane (corresponding to a first address in memory) stores the Y plane,and a second plane (corresponding to a second address in memory) storesthe U and V plane. In the second plane, the data corresponding to the Uvalues may be stored in the least significant bits (corresponding to lowaddress values) and the data corresponding to the V values may be storedin the most significant bits (corresponding to higher address values).

Typically the resolution of the input frame is up to 4096 pixels by 2160pixels, although higher resolutions may be possible. The resolution ofeach of the input and output frames is generally an even number inwidth. To improve the efficiency of the transformation engine, the imagewidth may be selected to be a multiple of AXI words.

Referring back to FIG. 6, the method implemented by the transformationengine 130 in this example is controlled by the control module 156. Thecontrol module 156 receives a configuration bit stream from theconfiguration data storage 152. The configuration bit stream for exampleincludes the transformation data representing the at least onetransformation for applying to the input frame to adjust the geometricdistortion of the input frame. Thus, by parsing the configuration bitstream, the control module 156 is instructed to control the modules ofthe transformation engine 130 to process a first and second plurality ofinput tiles with at least part of the transformation data to generatefirst and second sub-window data representing a first and secondsub-window of an output frame.

The transformation data of the configuration bit stream in the exampleof FIG. 6 includes tile data indicating a location and/or size of afirst and second plurality of input tiles of an input frame. The tiledata may also indicate a location and/or size of a first and secondplurality of output tiles of an output frame, the first and secondplurality of output tiles corresponding respectively with the first andsecond plurality of input tiles. For example, the tile data may includetile descriptors indicating the coordinates or locations of input tilesand widths and heights of input tiles. The tile data may also includesimilar tile descriptors for the output tiles. The calculation of thetile data will be described further below with reference to FIGS. 7 and8.

Based on the configuration bit stream, the control module 156 instructsa tile reader module 158 of the transformation engine 130 to read inputdata representing an input tile of the input frame. The input data inthis example is read from the input data storage 154. The tile readermodule 158 for example reads a part or sub-region of the input framecorresponding to an input tile, rather than the entirety of the inputframe. The tile reader module 158 in this example then writes the inputtile as input tile data to an input tile cache 159 for used by othercomponents of the transformation engine 130. The input tile cache 159may be integrated with the transformation engine 130 and may beconfigured to store one or more input tiles rather than a whole inputframe, to reduce storage requirements. For example, the input tile cache159 may be able to store data with a size of up to 32 kilobytes (kB). Inthis way, the input frame can be stored in the input data storage 154,externally to the transformation engine 130, with the integrated inputtile cache 159 storing a smaller amount of data, corresponding to aninput tile for example. This can improve the processing speed and reducethe storage requirements of the transformation engine 130. It is to benoted that references to a cache herein refer to any suitable memory orstorage.

The input tile data may be read from the input tile cache 159 to alocation interpolation module 160 in the example of FIG. 6. The locationinterpolation module 160 is operable to calculate, for an output tile ofthe output frame associated with an input tile of the input tile, usinga functional mapping between respective output locations in the outputframe and respective input locations in the input frame, an inputlocation of the input locations corresponding with an output location ofthe output locations. The location interpolation module 160 can be usedto determine the input locations that correspond to output locationsthat correspond to pixel locations in the output frame. An examplederivation of the functional mapping used by the location interpolationmodule 160 is discussed in more detail with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8.

The output of the location interpolation module 160 is transferred to apixel interpolation module 162 of the transformation engine 130, alongwith the input tile data representing the input tile. For each inputlocation corresponding to respective output locations of the outputtile, the pixel interpolation module 162 is used to identify a block ofinput locations that include the input location. Pixel data representingpixel values for input locations of the block of input locations isobtained (for example from the input tile data) and a pixel value forthe input location is calculated based on the pixel data. The calculatedpixel value is then associated with the output location. This processmay be repeated for each output location of an output tile. For example,where each output location corresponds with a pixel of the output tile,the pixel values of the pixels of the output tile may therefore becalculated. An example calculation of the pixel values is described indetail with reference to FIG. 9.

The calculated pixel values may then be written to the at least onestorage 126 (for example via an AXI write master) using a tile writer164 of the transformation engine 130. It is typically not necessary toindicate the pixel output coordinates during the writing of the pixelvalues to the at least one storage 126 as the output pixels aretypically written in raster order. In the example of FIG. 6, the atleast one storage includes first storage for storing data relating toincomplete output tiles (labelled as an offset cache 166 in FIG. 6) andsecond storage for storing data relating to complete output tiles(labelled as an output cache 168 in FIG. 6). This allows the tile writer164 to write data with a larger burst size than otherwise, for examplewith a maximum burst size for a particular output tile. For example,instead of writing data relating to incomplete output tiles in singletransactions, the tile write 164 can send complete, or full, bursts tothe output cache 168, relating to complete output tiles. This may reducethe number of interactions between the interface 150 (such as an AXIinterface) and a memory management unit (MMU, not shown in FIG. 6),which may be used to translate virtual memory addresses to physicaladdresses.

An example calculation of a functional mapping between positions ofrespective output locations of the output tile in the output frame andpositions of respective input locations of the input tile in the inputframe will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7aillustrates an example of an input frame. The input frame in FIG. 7a isthe same as the captured image 104 a of FIG. 1b . FIG. 7b shows anexample of an output frame, which in this case is the same as thetransformed image 108 a of FIG. 1c . The input frame 104 a includes aplurality of input tiles 170 and the output frame 108 a includes aplurality of output tiles 172. Each of the input tiles 170 correspondswith a respective output tile of the output tiles 172.

In the example of FIGS. 7a and 7b , due to the curvature of the imagerepresented in the input frame 104 a, some of the input tiles overlapother input tiles. This is shown further in FIGS. 8a and 8b . FIG. 8aillustrates schematically two input tiles 170 a, 170 b of the pluralityof input tiles 170 shown in FIG. 7a and FIG. 8b shows schematically twooutput tiles 172 a, 172 b of the plurality of output tiles 172 shown inFIG. 7b . Each of the input tiles 170 a, 170 b includes a respectiveportion 174 a, 174 b of the input frame. In this example, due to thecurvature of the input frame 104 a because of the wide-angle lens usedfor capturing the input frame 104 a, the portions 174 a, 174 b of theinput frame, which correspond to the respective output tiles 172 a, 172b respectively, are also curved. However, the input tiles 170 a, 170 bin this example correspond to blocks of input pixels, which arerectangular in shape, rather than the curved set of pixels of theportions 174 a, 174 b. This is because the input frame in examples isread into memory or storage in a line-by-line manner. It is thereforemore straightforward to save rectangular input tiles rather than theportions themselves, which may be irregularly shaped. For example, insome cases an input tile including a portion of the input frame isrectangular, the output tile is rectangular and the portion of the inputframe is non-rectangular. In these examples, at least some of the outputlocations in the output frame may correspond with a boundary of anoutput tile and at least some of the input locations in the input framemay correspond with a boundary of a portion of the input frame, ratherthan a boundary of an input tile.

The tile widths of the plurality of input tiles 170 and the plurality ofoutput tiles 172 in this example are based on the tile data. The tiledata may have been derived by determining a tile width of an input tileof at least one of the first plurality of input tiles or the secondplurality of input tiles based on a size of storage for storing theinput tile. For example, there is typically a hardware limitation to thesize of an output tile, which may be related to the size of the storagefor storing incomplete tiles. For example, the offset cache 166 of FIG.6 may be able to store up to 128 lines of the output frame,corresponding to up to 128 incomplete words. Similarly, the storage forstoring input tiles, which is for example illustrated as the input tilecache 159 in FIG. 6, may have a certain data capacity. The size of theinput tiles can therefore be adjusted so that each of the input tileswill be of a size that can be fitted in the input tile cache 159. Forexample, as an initial iteration, the output tiles can be taken to bethe width of the input frame and the height corresponding to the maximumnumber of lines that can be stored in the offset cache 166. Then, thecorresponding input tile can be calculated using the functionrepresenting the transformation, or using the functional mapping. Thesize of this input tile can be compared with the size of the storage forstoring the input tile. If the input tile is too large, the process canbe repeated again but with the width of the output tile bisected. Thisprocess can be repeated incrementally until the input tile fits in theinput tile cache 159. Then, the width of the input and output tiles canbe saved as part of the tile data and re-used for subsequent images. Inother words, the same widths can be used for the input tiles and theoutput tiles of subsequent frames of a video, without having torecalculate the widths each time (although the width of the input tilesmay differ from the width of the output tiles).

In examples, the functional mapping used by the location interpolationmodule 160 of FIG. 6 may be derived from an interpolation based on therespective output locations in the output frame and a functionrepresenting a transformation of the at least one transformation. Forexample, the function may represent a geometric mapping of outputlocations of the output frame to corresponding input locations of theinput frame. The function may be a continuous function that represents apredetermined or desired correction or adjustment to be applied to theinput frame to correct or adjust the geometric distortion of the inputframe. Alternatively, the function may be discontinuous or empirical.

Various different interpolation methods may be used to derive thefunctional mapping. In examples, the interpolation is a splineinterpolation. In such examples, the output locations may correspond torespective knots of the spline. For example, where the output locationscorrespond to integer pixel locations, the knots of the spline may alsocoincide or correspond to integer pixel locations. The knots of thespline may be uniformly spaced in the coordinate system of the outputframe, although non-uniform inter-knot spacing is possible in someexamples. Using a spline interpolation with integer knot locations forexample forces a mapping to be found from input locations to integeroutput locations (corresponding to the knots of the spline), improvingthe accuracy of the functional mapping. In contrast, with the functionrepresenting the mapping, it may not be possible to precisely map theinput locations to integer output locations for at least some of theoutput locations (corresponding to output pixels). This may thereforelead to rounding errors that may be avoided when using the splineinterpolation with integer knots.

An interpolation may be performed separately for each dimension of theinput frame. For example, if the input frame is in a two-dimensionalcoordinate system, with a horizontal x coordinate and a vertical ycoordinate, an interpolation may be performed in the x-direction for arow of pixels of the input tile (which for example corresponds with afixed or constant y location) and subsequently an interpolation may beperformed in the y-direction for a column of pixels of the input tile.

The spline interpolation may be a second order spline interpolation.Such an interpolation may be used to determine the spline coefficientsfor a sum of spline functions, such as a sum of spline basis functions,including a second order basis function. For example, the splineinterpolation may be based on an adjustment of spline coefficients ofthe spline in dependence on an error between the spline and the functionrepresenting the transformation of the at least one transformation. Forexample, the spline coefficients may be incrementally altered tominimize an error between the spline function and the functionrepresenting the transformation. The error is for example a differencebetween the spline function and the function representing thetransformation. As the skilled person will appreciate, the errorminimization may use any suitable method, such as gradient descent.

In normalized coordinates, where spline knots are at integer positionsin the output frame (in other words, where spline knots coincide withpixel locations in the output frame), a one-dimensional spline may betaken to correspond with a weighted sum of the following hat functionsshifted by integer numbers in the coordinate system of the output frame(although other functions are possible in other examples):

${y = \frac{t^{2}}{2}},{0 \leq t \leq 1}$${y = {{- \frac{3}{2}} + {3\; t} - t^{2}}},{1 \leq t \leq 2}$${y = \frac{\left( {3 - t} \right)^{2}}{2}},{2 \leq t \leq 3}$y = 0, t < 0, t > 3

A two dimensional b-spline (basis-spline) may be taken to be a productof the above functions in the horizontal and vertical directions.

For interpolation of a one dimensional b-spline, on each interval theresultant function will be a second order polynomial, which can becalculated using an incremental scheme. For example, the firstderivative is interpolated as a linear ramp and the function can betaken as the cumulative sum of the first derivative samples. For such aninterpolation, the result will depend on three control points becausethe basis functions have limited support. The slope of the firstderivative will be the linear combination of these three points.

These calculations can be done using integer arithmetic without a lossof precision. This allows the same result, in other words the samecorresponding input location in the input tile, to be achieved for anoutput location at the right edge of one output tile and the left edgeof the neighbouring tile to the left. For example, a rounding error maynot be accumulated.

In some cases, knot coefficients may be negative to correspond to inputlocations that are beyond the extent of an input image capture device,or a sensor of such an image capture device. If, for example, thestorage for storing the input locations calculated using the functionalmapping is capable of storing 16-bit values, the (x, y) offsets can beadded to the calculated (x, y) values so that the knot values fit anunsigned 16-bit integer. The (x, y) offsets are subtracted at the end ofthe calculations and the result can be stored as an unsigned 16-bitnumber. The 16-bit (x, y) values in such cases therefore correspond toinput locations in the input frame with sub-pixel accuracy, for examplewith the three least significant bits representing the fractional partof the (x, y) values.

Where the input data is in the YUV 4:2:0 format, the same knotcoefficients can be used. However, the knot step or the spacing betweenneighbouring knots may be selected to be half the nominal value toaccount for downsampling by a factor of two of the U, V components ofthe YUV data. The spline sampling grid may also be shifted by a quarterfor the Y component.

The interpolation procedure typically allows coefficients of the splinefunction to be obtained. These coefficients can be stored as theconfiguration data in the configuration data storage 152, for use by thelocation interpolation module 160 to calculate the input locationcorresponding to an output location of an output tile associated with aparticular input tile.

The location interpolation module 160 may include two modules (not shownin FIG. 6). For example, the location interpolation module may include afirst module to fetch the appropriate coefficients for a particularinput tile from the configuration data storage 152. The first module mayfor example determine a location or address at which the appropriatecoefficients are to be fetched from in the configuration data storage152, as the configuration data storage 152 may store a plurality ofdifferent sets of coefficients, with each set corresponding to adifferent input tile or a different location of an input tile.

The first module may also calculate an initial interpolation value andsend the calculated initial interpolation value to a second module ofthe location interpolation module 160. The first module may subsequentlyalso, during the interpolation process, send derivatives of basefunctions over various regions to the second module. The second modulemay then accumulate or sum the derivatives to calculate the inputlocation corresponding to the output location of the output tile (as thespline function may be a cumulative sum of first derivative samples).

Furthermore, the first or second module or a further module of thelocation interpolation module 160 may be used to calculate a scalefactor representing a difference in scale between the output tileincluding the output location and the input tile including the inputlocation or a per-pixel difference in scale between output pixels andcorresponding input pixels, which may be sent to the pixel interpolationmodule 162 as described further below. The scale factor may berecalculated upon or in response to a change in a position, such as achange in the pan, tilt or zoom, of the image capture device.

After obtaining the input location for an output location of the outputtile, the corresponding pixel value for that input location can bederived. In examples, the pixel value for the input location is based onan interpolation based on the pixel data. FIG. 9 shows such an example.

In FIG. 9, for an input location 176 calculated using a splineinterpolation as described above, for example, a block or grid of inputlocations 178 including the input location 176 is identified. The blockof input locations 178 can for example be obtained using the integerpart of the coordinates of the input location 176. The block of inputlocations 178 may be any size. Typically, for bicubic interpolation(discussed below), the block of input locations 178 is four pixels byfour pixels.

Pixel data representing pixel values for input locations of the block ofinput locations 178 is obtained, for example from the input tile cache159. The pixel data may be for a subset of the input locations of theblock of input locations rather than for each input location. Forexample, the pixel data stored in the input tile cache 159 may includedata representing pixel values of a subset of the pixels of the inputtile, to reduce storage and processing requirements. For example, if theinput frame includes 2 million input locations (or pixels), pixel datamay be stored for 1000 input locations of the 2 million input locations.Similarly, the input tile cache 159 may store pixel data for a subset ofthe pixels of the input tile rather than for all of the pixels of theinput tile.

Using the pixel data, an interpolation can be performed to calculate apixel value for the input location 176. The pixel value for the inputlocation 176 is then associated with the output location in the outputframe.

The interpolation is for example a bicubic interpolation. For example,the interpolation may use at least one polyphase filter, for example abank of polyphase filters. The at least one polyphase filter may dependon at least one of: the input location or the input tile including theinput location. For example, the coefficients of the at least onepolyphase filter may differ depending on the input location or the inputtile of the input location. For example, each column of the block ofinput locations 178 may be filtered with a four tap polyphase filter,with tap coefficients that depend on the fractional part of they-coordinate of the input location 176. The results may then be filteredusing a four tap polyphase filter with tap coefficients that depend onthe x-coordinate of the input location 176.

For example, the at least one polyphase filter may depend on a scalefactor representing a difference in scale between the output tileincluding the output location and the input tile including the inputlocation. For example, due to the geometric distortion of the inputtile, the input tile may be compressed compared with the output tile.The input tile may therefore be downscaled compared with the outputtile. A local scale factor can be calculated for the input tile, forexample based on the derivatives of the functional mapping, and thecoefficients of the at least one polyphase filter may then depend on thecalculated scale factor. A different set of coefficients may bedetermined for each input tile, for example using a different localscale factor. In other examples, though, the coefficients may differ foreach individual pixel of an input tile, based on a scale factorcalculated on a per-pixel basis for example.

In some examples, there may be two input locations that lie within thesame block of input locations. FIG. 9 shows such an example. In FIG. 9,the input location is a first input location 176, the output location isa second output location and the pixel value is a first pixel value. InFIG. 9, the method also includes obtaining a second input location 180corresponding with a second output location. For example, the secondinput location 180 may be calculated using the functional mappingdescribed above. In the example of FIG. 9, a second pixel value iscalculated for the second location 180 based on the pixel data and thesecond pixel value is associated with the second output location in theoutput frame. In this way, it is not necessary to re-obtain or re-readthe pixel data corresponding to the block of input locations 178.Instead, the pixel data can be re-used for both input locations 176, 180and a similar process can be used to obtain the pixel values for each.For example, the same polyphase filters may be used for each, but withdifferent coefficients. Alternatively, different polyphase filters maybe used for each. For example, the polyphase filter or polyphase filtersto be used may be selected based on the scale factor described above,for example to reduce or prevent aliasing. The fractional coordinateassociated with the input locations 176, 180 may determine which phaseto use for the polyphase filter(s). For example, if the scale factor iscalculated separately for each input tile, the scale factor for theinput locations 176, 180 will be the same (as the input locations 176,180 are both within the same input tile). However, in the example ofFIG. 9, the fractional coordinate is different for the input locations176, 80. Thus, in this example, the same polyphase filter may be usedfor the interpolation of the pixel value for each of the input locations176, 180 but with different phases. Conversely, for different colourchannels of the same input location, the same polyphase filter and phasemay be used to interpolate the pixel value for that colour channel.However, as the intensity values associated with each colour channeltypically differ from those of each other colour channel, the calculatedpixel value for that colour channel will also differ from the calculatedpixel value for other colour channels for that input location.

Typically, the derivation of coefficients for the interpolationsimplemented by the location interpolation module 160 and the pixelinterpolation module 162 of FIG. 6 (described with reference to FIGS. 7to 9) may be performed prior to receiving video data, for example usingsuitable software, as the geometric distortion for example depends onthe lens of the image capture device, which may not change betweendifferent frames of a video. For example, the coefficients may beobtained using test data and supplied to the data processing system aspart of the configuration system. In other examples, though, the dataprocessing system may be used to apply the at least one transformationto the input data and to derive the coefficients for use in theinterpolations described above. For example, the transformation data maybe time-varying, for example in dependence on a time-varying change inposition of the image capture device. For example, it may be possible toalter a pan, tilt or zoom of the image capture device, to capture adifferent scene. In such cases, it may be desirable to recalculate thecoefficients of the interpolations using the data processing system.

The above examples are to be understood as illustrative examples.Further examples are envisaged. For example, although the interpolationsare described in the context of the methods of processing image datadescribed herein, it will be appreciated that either or both of thelocation interpolation or the pixel value interpolation may be performedas part of other methods of processing image data, for examplerepresenting a frame of a video.

It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any oneexample may be used alone, or in combination with other featuresdescribed, and may also be used in combination with one or more featuresof any other of the examples, or any combination of any other of theexamples. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described abovemay also be employed without departing from the scope of theaccompanying claims.

Further examples are described below. In a first set of embodiments, amethod includes: receiving input data representing an input frame of avideo; receiving transformation data representing at least onetransformation for applying to an image to adjust a geometric distortionof the image; processing a first plurality of input tiles, eachcomprising a respective portion of the input frame, with at least partof the transformation data, thereby generating first sub-window datarepresenting a first sub-window of an output frame of the video; andprocessing a second plurality of input tiles, each comprising arespective portion of the input frame, with at least part of thetransformation data, thereby generating second sub-window datarepresenting a second sub-window of the output frame of the video.

In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the input data fromone image capture device. In some embodiments, the method includesreceiving a configuration bit stream, the configuration bit streamcomprising the transformation data. In some embodiments, the at leastone transformation is at least one of: a panoramic transformation, acylindrical transformation, or a stereographic transformation. In someembodiments, the processing the first plurality of input tiles is toapply a transformation of a first type to the respective portions of theinput frame corresponding to the first plurality of input tiles; and theprocessing the second plurality of input tiles is to apply thetransformation of the first type to the respective portions of the inputframe corresponding to the second plurality of input tiles. In someembodiments, the processing the first plurality of input tiles is toapply a transformation of a first type to the respective portions of theinput frame corresponding to the first plurality of input tiles; and theprocessing the second plurality of input tiles is to apply atransformation of a second type, different from the first type, to therespective portions of the input frame corresponding to the secondplurality of input tiles. In some embodiments, the respective portionsof the input frame corresponding to the first plurality of input tilestogether correspond to a first portion of the input frame; therespective portions of the input frame corresponding to the secondplurality of input tiles together correspond to a second portion of theinput frame; and the first portion includes the second portion. In someembodiments, the respective portions of the input frame corresponding tothe first plurality of input tiles together correspond to a firstportion of the input frame; the respective portions of the input framecorresponding to the second plurality of input tiles together correspondto a second portion of the input frame; and the first portion isnon-overlapping with the second portion. In some embodiments, a firstscale of the first sub-window is different from a second scale of thesecond sub-window. In some embodiments, the transformation data istime-varying. In some embodiments, the transformation data istime-varying in dependence on a time-varying change in position of theimage capture device. In some embodiments, the first sub-windowcorresponds to a first area of the output frame and the secondsub-window corresponds to a second area of the output frame, the firstarea non-overlapping the second area.

In some embodiments, the method includes determining a tile width of aninput tile of at least one of: the first plurality of input tiles or thesecond plurality of input tiles based on a size of storage for storingthe input tile. In some embodiments, the method includes, for an outputtile of the output frame associated with an input tile of the inputframe: calculating, using a functional mapping between positions ofrespective output locations of the output tile in the output frame andpositions of respective input locations of the input tile in the inputframe, an input location of the input locations corresponding with anoutput location of the output locations. In some embodiments, the outputlocations correspond to pixel locations in the output frame. In someembodiments, at least some of the input locations correspond tolocations between pixel locations in the input frame. In someembodiments, at least some of the output locations in the output framecorrespond with a boundary of an output tile of the plurality of outputtiles and at least some of the input locations in the input framecorrespond with a boundary of a portion of the input frame. In someembodiments, an input tile comprising the portion of the input frame isrectangular, the output tile is rectangular and the portion of the inputframe is non-rectangular. In some embodiments, the functional mapping isderived from an interpolation based on: the respective output locationsin the output frame; and a function representing a transformation of theat least one transformation. In some embodiments, the interpolation is aspline interpolation, the output locations corresponding to respectiveknots of a spline for the spline interpolation. In some embodiments, theknots of the spline are uniformly spaced. In some embodiments, thespline interpolation is a second order spline interpolation. In someembodiments, the spline interpolation is based on an adjustment ofspline coefficients of the spline in dependence on an error between thespline and the function representing the transformation of the at leastone transformation.

In some embodiments, the method includes identifying a block of inputlocations comprising the input location; obtaining pixel datarepresenting pixel values for input locations of the block of inputlocations; calculating a pixel value for the input location based on thepixel data; and associating the pixel value with the output location. Insome embodiments, the calculating the pixel value for the input locationis based on an interpolation based on the pixel data. In someembodiments, the interpolation uses at least one polyphase filter. Insome embodiments, the at least one polyphase filter depends on at leastone of: the input location or the input tile comprising the inputlocation. In some embodiments, the at least one polyphase filter dependson a scale factor representing a difference in scale between the outputtile comprising the output location and the input tile. In someembodiments, the input location is a first input location, the outputlocation is a second output location and the pixel value is a firstpixel value, and the method further includes: calculating, using thefunctional mapping, a second input location of the input locationscorresponding with a second output location of the output locations, theblock of input locations comprising the second input location;calculating a second pixel value for the second location based on thepixel data; and associating the second pixel value with the secondoutput location.

In a second set of embodiments, a data processing system includes: atleast one storage for storing: input data representing an input frame ofa video; transformation data representing at least one transformationfor applying to an image to adjust a geometric distortion of the image;first sub-window data representing a first sub-window of an output frameof the video; and second sub-window data representing a secondsub-window of the output frame of the video; at least one processorcommunicatively coupled to the storage; a transformation engine operableto: receive the transformation data; process a first plurality of inputtiles, each comprising a respective portion of the input frame, with atleast part of the transformation data, thereby generating the firstsub-window data; and process a second plurality of input tiles, eachcomprising a respective portion of the input frame, with at least partof the transformation data, thereby generating the second sub-windowdata.

In some embodiments, the data processing system is a system-on-a-chip.In some embodiments, the data processing system includes a controlmodule operable to receive a configuration bit stream, the configurationbit stream comprising the transformation data. In some embodiments, thetransformation engine includes a location interpolation module operableto, for an output tile of the output frame associated with an input tileof the input frame: calculate, using a functional mapping betweenpositions of respective output locations of the output tile in theoutput frame and positions of respective input locations of the inputtile in the input frame, an input location of the input locationscorresponding with an output location of the output locations. In someembodiments, the transformation engine includes a pixel interpolationmodule operable to: identify a block of input locations comprising theinput location; obtain pixel data representing pixel values for inputlocations of the block of input locations; calculate a pixel value forthe input location based on the pixel data; and associate the pixelvalue with the output location. In some embodiments, the at least onestorage includes: first storage for storing data relating to incompleteoutput tiles; and second storage for storing data relating to completeoutput tiles.

1. A method comprising: receiving input data representing an input frameof a video; receiving transformation data representing at least onetransformation for applying to an image to adjust a geometric distortionof the image; processing a first plurality of input tiles, eachcomprising a respective portion of the input frame, with at least partof the transformation data, thereby generating first sub-window datarepresenting a first sub-window of an output frame of the video; andprocessing a second plurality of input tiles, each comprising arespective portion of the input frame, with at least part of thetransformation data, thereby generating second sub-window datarepresenting a second sub-window of the output frame of the video. 2.The method of claim 1, comprising receiving the input data from oneimage capture device.
 3. The method of claim 1, comprising receiving aconfiguration bit stream, the configuration bit stream comprising thetransformation data.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processingthe first plurality of input tiles is to apply a transformation of afirst type to the respective portions of the input frame correspondingto the first plurality of input tiles; and the processing the secondplurality of input tiles is to apply a transformation of a second type,different from the first type, to the respective portions of the inputframe corresponding to the second plurality of input tiles.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein: the respective portions of the input framecorresponding to the first plurality of input tiles together correspondto a first portion of the input frame; the respective portions of theinput frame corresponding to the second plurality of input tilestogether correspond to a second portion of the input frame; and thefirst portion is non-overlapping with the second portion.
 6. The methodof claim 1, comprising determining a tile width of an input tile of atleast one of: the first plurality of input tiles or the second pluralityof input tiles based on a size of storage for storing the input tile. 7.The method of claim 1, comprising, for an output tile of the outputframe associated with an input tile of the input frame: calculating,using a functional mapping between positions of respective outputlocations of the output tile in the output frame and positions ofrespective input locations of the input tile in the input frame, aninput location of the input locations corresponding with an outputlocation of the output locations.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein theoutput locations correspond to pixel locations in the output frame. 9.The method of claim 7, wherein at least some of the input locationscorrespond to locations between pixel locations in the input frame. 10.The method of claim 7, wherein at least some of the output locations inthe output frame correspond with a boundary of an output tile of theplurality of output tiles and at least some of the input locations inthe input frame correspond with a boundary of a portion of the inputframe.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the functional mapping isderived from an interpolation based on: the respective output locationsin the output frame; and a function representing a transformation of theat least one transformation.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein theinterpolation is a spline interpolation, the output locationscorresponding to respective knots of a spline for the splineinterpolation.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the knots of thespline are uniformly spaced.
 14. The method of claim 7, comprising:identifying a block of input locations comprising the input location;obtaining pixel data representing pixel values for input locations ofthe block of input locations; calculating a pixel value for the inputlocation based on the pixel data; and associating the pixel value withthe output location.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the calculatingthe pixel value for the input location is based on an interpolationbased on the pixel data.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein theinterpolation uses at least one polyphase filter depending on at leastone of: the input location or the input tile comprising the inputlocation.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the interpolation uses atleast one polyphase filter depending on a scale factor representing adifference in scale between the output tile comprising the outputlocation and the input tile.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein theinput location is a first input location, the output location is asecond output location and the pixel value is a first pixel value, themethod comprising: calculating, using the functional mapping, a secondinput location of the input locations corresponding with a second outputlocation of the output locations, the block of input locationscomprising the second input location; calculating a second pixel valuefor the second location based on the pixel data; and associating thesecond pixel value with the second output location.
 19. A dataprocessing system comprising: at least one storage for storing: inputdata representing an input frame of a video; transformation datarepresenting at least one transformation for applying to an image toadjust a geometric distortion of the image; first sub-window datarepresenting a first sub-window of an output frame of the video; andsecond sub-window data representing a second sub-window of the outputframe of the video; at least one processor communicatively coupled tothe storage; a transformation engine operable to: receive thetransformation data; process a first plurality of input tiles, eachcomprising a respective portion of the input frame, with at least partof the transformation data, thereby generating the first sub-windowdata; and process a second plurality of input tiles, each comprising arespective portion of the input frame, with at least part of thetransformation data, thereby generating the second sub-window data. 20.The data processing system of claim 19, wherein the at least one storagecomprises: first storage for storing data relating to incomplete outputtiles; and second storage for storing data relating to complete outputtiles.